Nitrogen-Related rotational effects of legume crops on three consecutive subsequent crops

Nonlegume crop responses to legume crops are usually studied only in one subsequent crop. We determined the rotational effects of green and forage pea (Pisum sativum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.) grown for seed, faba green manure (GM), and chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus L.) GM on three subsequent crops. The control crop in the legume year was barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and the subsequent crops grown consecutively were wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), and barley, all fertilized with 0, 30, 60, and 120 kg N ha-1. In wheat, N uptake (73-84 vs. 48 kg grain + straw N ha-1), C accumulation, straw dry matter (DM), and grain yields (2695-3136 vs. 1950 kg DM ha-1) increased where the preceding crop was a legume relative to a barley preceding crop. In canola, grain C accumulation and grain yield did not respond to the legume crop residues. In barley, all the measured parameters were greater on pulse crop residues than on GM residues. Therefore, the rotational effects of pulse crop residues were more pronounced in the third subsequent crop than in the first two. However, removal of aboveground crop residues did not affect N uptake, C accumulation, or yields of any subsequent crop, suggesting that belowground N sources were a major pathway of N transfer from legumes to subsequent crops. With the exception of canola straw C, crops grown on legume residues and those grown on barley residues responded similarly to increasing N rate, suggesting that non-N-related factors contributed to the responses.