Morphology delimits more species than molecular genetic clusters of invasive Pilosella

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Accurate assessments of biodiversity are paramount for understanding ecosystem processes and adaptation to change. Invasive species often contribute substantially to local biodiversity; correctly identifying and distinguishing invaders is thus necessary to assess their potential impacts. We compared the reliability of morphology and molecular sequences to discriminate six putative species of invasive Pilosella hawkweeds (syn. Hieracium, Asteraceae), known for unreliable identifi cations and historical introgression. We asked (1) which morphological traits dependably discriminate putative species, (2) if genetic clusters supported morphological species, and (3) if novel hybridizations occur in the invaded range. METHODS: We assessed 33 morphometric characters for their discriminatory power using the randomForest classifi er and, using AFLPs, evaluated genetic clustering with the program STRUCTURE and subsequently with an AMOVA. The strength of the association between morphological and genotypic dissimilarity was assessed with a Mantel test. KEY RESULTS: Morphometric analyses delimited six species while genetic analyses defi ned only four clusters. Specifi cally, we found (1) eight morphological traits could reliably distinguish species, (2) STRUCTURE suggested strong genetic diff erentiation but for only four putative species clusters, and (3) genetic data suggest both novel hybridizations and multiple introductions have occurred. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Traditional fl oristic techniques may resolve more species than molecular analyses in taxonomic groups subject to introgression. (2) Even within complexes of closely related species, relatively few but highly discerning morphological characters can reliably discriminate species. (3) By clarifying patterns of morphological and genotypic variation of invasive Pilosella, we lay foundations for further ecological study and mitigation.