Early physiological and biochemical responses of soyabean to neighbouring weeds under resource-independent competition
Citation
McKenzie-Gopsill, A.G., Amirsadeghi, S., Earl, H.J., Jones, A.M.P., Lukens, L., Lee, E., Swanton, C.J. (2019). Early physiological and biochemical responses of soyabean to neighbouring weeds under resource-independent competition. Weed Research, [online] 59(4), 288-299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/wre.12365
Plain language summary
Weed-crop competition occurring during the early stages of crop growth has a larger effect on yield than competition at later crop growth stages. In this study, researchers identified the early responses of soybean to weeds when competition for light, water or nutrients was removed. This research was done in a growth chamber using a system that focusses on soybean-weed interactions. The results of this study showed that an early effect of weeds on soybean seedlings is a stress response which activates several defence responses and further stresses soybean seedlings. This stress response coincided with a reduction in photosynthesis and a decline in available sugars for growth, resulting in reduced biomass at later soybean growth stages. Overall, these results show an important impact of neighbouring weeds on soybean growth. Better understanding of the impacts of weeds on early soybean growth will allow for the development of more competitive soybean cultivars with improved yields in the presence of weeds.
Abstract
The mechanisms by which weeds compete with crop plants are poorly understood. To gain insight into these mechanisms, we characterised early physiological responses of soyabean to neighbouring weeds using a biological weedy system that generated a consistent far-red-enriched light environment and excluded direct resource competition. Neighbouring weeds decreased superoxide dismutase activity in unifoliate leaves. This coincided with increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxidized ascorbate levels, while the steady-state level of superoxide, catalase activity and lipid peroxidation remained unchanged. These responses suggested increased leaf production of singlet oxygen (1O2), which was demonstrated by detection of increased Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green (SOSG) fluorescence within 3 h after staining of unifoliate leaves. This finding was further supported by increased ratios of the photosensitiser protochlorophyllide to both chlorophyllide a, and total chlorophyll in the dark as well as enhanced sensitivity to cell death by a 1O2-generating compound in the light. These responses coincided with dramatic changes in photosynthesis, carbon partitioning and biomass allocation with a persistent decline in leaf sucrose level and biomass production at later growth stages. This study provides direct experimental evidence that under resource-independent competition, far-red-enriched light reflected by neighbouring weeds can alter the balance between ROS production and detoxification and thereby generate an oxidative stress signal in soyabean leaves.