Assessing soil cover levels during the non-growing season using multitemporal satellite imagery and spectral unmixing techniques
Citation
Laamrani, A., Joosse, P., McNairn, H., Berg, A.A., Hagerman, J., Powell, K., Berry, M. (2020). Assessing soil cover levels during the non-growing season using multitemporal satellite imagery and spectral unmixing techniques, 12(9), http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12091397
Plain language summary
Growing cover or winter crops and retaining crop residue on agricultural lands are considered beneficial management practices to address soil health and water quality. Remote sensing is a valuable tool to assess and map crop residue cover and cover crops over large areas. The purpose of this study was to test the remote sensing technique of spectral unmixing to measure the percent cover of non-living crop residues and percent cover of living green plants in fields simultaneously from satellite images. The study was conducted in the non-growing season (November-May) over two counties in the Canadian Lake Erie basin as this time period is when the landscape is most susceptible to soil erosion and runoff of nutrients from agricultural land and thus, these practices are most required. Photographs of soil cover in fields were taken and analyzed for percent residue and green cover during the post-harvest, pre-plant and post-plant periods. Comparison of the measured field data to the estimates of residue and green cover from satellites using spectral unmixing demonstrated a close relationship between the two. The results of the study support the use of remote sensing and spectral unmixing as promising techniques to rapidly collect soil cover fractions on individual pixels over large areas. These pixel values can be aggregated to larger geographies for modelling and reporting for government initiatives, such as for the Canada-Ontario Lake Erie Action Plan.
Abstract
© 2020 by the authors.Growing cover or winter crops and retaining crop residue on agricultural lands are considered beneficial management practices to address soil health and water quality. Remote sensing is a valuable tool to assess and map crop residue cover and cover crops. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of linear spectral unmixing for estimating soil cover in the non-growing season (November-May) over the Canadian Lake Erie Basin using seasonal multitemporal satellite imagery. Soil cover ground measurements and multispectral Landsat-8 imagery were acquired for two areas throughout the 2015-2016 non-growing season. Vertical soil cover photos were collected from up to 40 residue and 30 cover crop fields for each area (e.g., Elgin and Essex sites) when harvest, cloud, and snow conditions permitted. Images and data were reviewed and compiled to represent a complete coverage of the basin for three time periods (post-harvest, pre-planting, and post-planting). The correlations between field measured and satellite imagery estimated soil covers (e.g., residue and green) were evaluated by coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE). Overall, spectral unmixing of satellite imagery is well suited for estimating soil cover in the non-growing season. Spectral unmixing using three-endmembers (i.e., corn residue-soil-green cover; soybean residue-soil-green cover) showed higher correlations with field measured soil cover than spectral unmixing using two-or four-endmembers. For the nine non-growing season images analyzed, the residue and green cover fractions derived from linear spectral unmixing using corn residue-soil-green cover endmembers were highly correlated with the field-measured data (mean R2 of 0.70 and 0.86, respectively). The results of this study support the use of remote sensing and spectral unmixing techniques for monitoring performance metrics for government initiatives, such as the Canada-Ontario Lake Erie Action Plan, and as input for sustainability indicators that both require knowledge about non-growing season land management over a large area.